What hazards may happen in the event of earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption? The rock mass began to travel to the northwest as a rockslide into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley. The rainstorm brought about landslides and floods destroying nearby towns and villages while also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams. On the basis of data from other sources, the estimated annual damages on a per capita basis for the City of Los Angeles, Calif., are about $1.60. Of the 8 th International Conf. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or . Climate and climate change. Hence, the lethal waters, laden with debris from dam construction and large volumes of mud and rocks, inundated towns and villages and buried all forms of life that came in its way. An article in press in the journal Engineering Geology, by Steve Evans and colleagues (Evans et al. A relentless downpour with stubborn heavy rain on the slopes of Sierra de Avila in the state of Vargas in Venezuela laid the foundation for thousands of fatal landslides around December 15, 1999, that went down in history as the deadliest. (2009 in press). Khait landslide happened in 1949. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. What do they mean. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. North India Flood mudslides, Kedarnath, India, June 2013 (5,700 deaths), 4. The geographic boundaries of the survey have comprised 3 administrative districts of Khatlon (Farkhor, Hamadoni and Shurobod) on the Tajik side, 3 administrative districts of Kunduz Province (Qalai-Za;, Imam sahib, Dashti Archi) as well as 3 administrative districts of Takhar Province (Yangi Qala, Darqad, Chah Ab) on the Afghan side (see Fig. A house damaged in the 2004 San Simeon earthquake. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This released large volumes of water, itself laden with mud, rock, and ice, into the valley below with an unimaginably high force. Photo credit: FEMA News. As a result of work performed, we have highlighted, described and assessed the following natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, river and ravine erosion, suffusion, karst and subsidence. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. (2009). More than 5,700 lives were lost which was later reported to be 6,054. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan, central Tajikistan. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The debris that traveled a shocking 10.2 miles, carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of mud, ice, and rocks came crumbling down the slope classifying this event as a landslide and avalanche. What main factors cause landslides and floods? The old town of Diexi suffered the worst fate of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below. Required fields are marked *. Some reports, such as the Wikipedia article on this landslide, have suggested a death toll as high as 28,000 people, although to be fair this may well be something of a misinterpretation of the original source. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. Adjusting these figures for the population of each area, the annual cost of damages per capita are $1.30 in the nine-county San Francisco Bay region; $2.50 in Allegheny County, Pa.; and $5.80 in Hamilton County, Ohio. Numerous kishlaks in the Yasman River valley were overwhelmed by the loess flowslide that swept down the whole length of the valley. 1933. On steep slopes Crown: un-displaced material still in 2. Article history: Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. A lot of the landslides are all natural disasters that come from problems with Mother Nature including problems with the soil and trouble with weather . Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths), 9. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. The areas worst affected were Manila . Undertaking of survey has allowed mapping of surfaces of natural hazards evolution and doing a holistic assessment on a full spectrum of hazardous natural processes in the target district area of which roughly 2267 km2 (21%) belong to extremely hazardous category, 7432 km2 (69%) to highly hazardous and 1000 km2 (9,3%) to moderately hazardous. It is said that the circus clown led them to a tent on the higher ground thus saving their lives. Annual Cost of Landslide Damage to Roads on Dominica* Fiscal Year (June/July) Landslide Costs (in thousands of dollars) 1983-1984 92.8 1984-1985 269.0 1985-1986 71.7 1986-1987 63.0 * Includes only the cost of clearing landslide debris and road repairs (G. Elwin, Wirttern Comm., 1987) References: Anderson, M.G. Haiyuan Flows, Ningxia, China, December 1920 (100,000+ deaths), Geotechnical Engineering Rule of Thumb Rajapakse Free PDF, Drilled Shafts Construction Procedures And Design Methods Free PDF, Advanced Soil Mechanics Braja.Das Free PDF, An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Holtz & Kovacs Free PDF, Principales And Practice Of Ground Improvement Free PDF, Seismic Design Of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings Free PDF, Concrete Box Culvert analysis and Design Spreadsheet, Russia-Japan railway bridge would let you travel from London to Tokyo, Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Types of Dams, advantages, disadvantages and classification, x-Force keygen for ALL Autodesk products v2020. Failure of drainage system place 3. Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars. The mudslide in Peru in 1983 caused . The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. Heavy rainfall caused havoc in the Northern states of India and around June 16, 2013, a series of landslides and floods took over five thousand lives. The area is still at risk as the environment is conducive to powerful lahars even today. The gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide. Just before dawn on December 13, 1941, disaster struck the Peruvian city when a landslide resulted in glacial ice crashing down into Lake Palcacocha, generating huge waves that completely destroyed the dam on the lake. 215 Limekiln Road Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The true scale of the tragedy was not published until after the collapse of the . "The Tragedy of Khait: A Natural Disaster in Tajikistan", 10.1659/0276-4741(2000)021[0091:TTOKAN]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khait_landslide&oldid=1140272511, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:01. Tectonic and gravity-induced deformation along the active TalasFergana Fault, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Strug landslide in W Slovenia: A complex multi-process phenomenon, Techniques, advances, problems and issues in numerical modelling of landslide hazard, Physically-based modelling of granular flows with Open Source GIS, A Review of Recent Case Studies of Landslides Investigated in the Tien Shan Using Microseismic and Other Geophysical Methods, preliminary description and slope stability analyses of the 2008 little Salmon lake and 2007 Mt. Mount Kelud, in Eastern Java, Indonesia, is quite infamous as an extremely active, hazardous volcano, and one which has erupted about 30 times in the past killing thousands of people in its volcanic disasters. 1949, Khait, Tajikstan. A recent estimate of the total annual cost of landslide damage is in excess of $1 billion {Schuster, 1978}. The Regional Director . For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. The landslide has a volume of about 20 cubic kilometers, a depth of 300 m, a travel distance of 14 km and a width of 5 km. Gansu Landslide. According to them, thoughtless human intervention in the Himalayan mountain ecosystem had rendered the ecosystem extremely fragile and prone to disaster. this article in Mountain Research and Development, The Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience Blog, The Bridge: Connecting Science and Policy, Joshimath: new satellite imagery and ongoing issues with the movement of the landslide, Kandersteg: a massive rock slope failure in Switzerland caught on video, The 22 February 2023 landslide at a coal mine at Alxa League, China, Vila Sahy, So Paulo: extreme rainfall in Brazil has triggered multiple fatal landslides, Manutuke: a near miss landslide from Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand, The Canterbury Earthquake: Images of the distorted railway line, Killing off the Canary Islands landslide megatsunami scare, Liquefaction from the Sendai earthquake - a remarkable video, Rattlesnake Ridge: a large failure forming in Washington State, USA, Bento Rodrigues: a disastrous tailings dam failure in Brazil, The 8 February 2023 rockfall in Steyr, Austria, Rosas in Cauca, Colombia: a truly extraordinary landslide, Landslides in North Island of New Zealand from Cyclone Gabrielle. Climate and climate change controls precipitation and snowmelt (frequency, intensity and magnitude, seasonality, cyclonality and the respective changes), and are the most important external drivers for landslides and flooding. Debris and mud flows are rivers of rock, earth and other debris saturated with water. Today the old town is non-existent, replaced by a huge Diexi landslide-made lake. Almost a hundred villages were devastated, taking about 5,100 lives. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ( Tajik: ). A dormant volcano, the Nevado del Ruiz in Tolima, Colombia, suddenly came to life on November 13, 1985, wreaking havoc on the nearby villages and towns, and killing as many as 23,000 people. The area covered by the Yasman valley slide is about 24.4km2, with a total estimated volume of 245 MCM (million cubic metres). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Unusually for a science paper the article is a ripping-good read. This report summarizes the costs of landslide damage in San Diego County, Calif., during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80 and compares them with data for certain other areas in the United States. The current lack of relevant tools to assess a complex and ever-changing environment in these cross-border areas does not allow an effective assessment of risks and planning for natural disaster mitigation. The geology, historical seismicity, progressive disintegration of the rock mass, development of smectite layers and the continuous development and movement of shears within the Philippine Fault Zone combine in the steep rugged terrain to produce massive landslides, of which the 15 million m3 Guinsaugon event was the latest. Reports suggest a loss of about 10% of the Vargas population. The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. One of the landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well. Your email address will not be published. Access to full-text content in BioOne Complete from this IP address has been suspended. [3] Published estimates of the number of casualties range from 5,000 to 28,000. As many as 109 people died in the Philippines when Typhoon Olga provoked torrential rains and flooding throughout much of South East Asia in early August. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 6. Killing an enemy with this ability is counted as a Melee Kill. A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018. News of the landslide was not publicly revealed by the government and details of the disaster were not revealed until after the fall of the Soviet Union. [1], Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material. 1988, resulted in approximately $12 million in damage and cost $8 million to rebuild. In a landslide, masses of rock, earth or debris move down a slope. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), 8. Closeby valleys of Khait and Yasman were badly affected. American Geosciences Institute. Date and Time of Occurrence: September 20, 2018 around 0600H Impact Area Including Barangays Affected: Portions of Sitio Tagaytay (crown area) and Sitio Sindulan (toe area) in Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu.Northeastern portion of the quarry area of Apo Land & Quarry . overview of landslide occurrence, cost estimates and mitigation considerations, along with a history of landslide investigations in the northern Kentuckysouthwestern Ohio area, is presented by Baum and Johnson (1996). A landslide refers to any form of mass wasting characterized by movement of rocks, soil, or other debris downhill assisted by gravity. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). Mount Huascarn is a famous Peruvian mountain with a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet. The mushrooming of hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand was also another important factor held responsible for the environmental damage. [3], In the area of maximum felt intensity (>IX) most kishlaks were completely destroyed. The largest single failure was the Khait landslide. [2] . Our special thanks go to: Bakhtdavlatov Rahmonbek Davlatbekovich the first deputy chief of General Directorate for Geology under the Government of Tajikistan, Alisho Shomahmadov, Head of Inf. Landslide damages are one of the most costly natural disasters in the United States. 2 the waves rose to a height of 6m causing damage to a number of towns the town of nagahama experienced an outbreak of fire . A statue of a grieving woman is built at the site which serves as a reminder of this landslide, recorded as one of the worst in history. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. This blog
Yablokov, Alexander (February 2001). In terms of total natural damage claims, storms cost Norwegian insurance companies the most but landslides result in far greater single payouts. 4 What happens to the Earth during a landslide? The July 11, 1999, Davis-Weber Canal break in Riverdale damaged over 75 homes, 15 to 20 of them . It generated a series of 675 major loess landslides causing massive destruction to lives and property. A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. This was a Mw=7.4 event on 10th July 1949 in the Tien Shan mountains of what is now Tajikistan, but was then the Soviet Union. [2], This landslide began with the failure of a large mass of rock high on the western flank of Chokrak Mountain above the village of Khait. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. The damaging shaking of major earthquakes can be felt hundreds of miles away. and P.E. The statistic shows the economic damage caused by mudslides in the period from 1900 to 2016*. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. Social agitators claim that many people lost their lives mainly because the area did not have strict rules on the construction of homes, which allowed people to build homes on unstable ground. There were many more casualties in other towns such as Chinchin. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This means that about 50 billion tons of rock moved in this single event! The massive landslides were triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake killing thousands of innocent people. Only about a thousand bodies could be recovered although it is indicated that at least 30,000 people lost their lives in this landslide tragedy. DOI: 10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2009.08.007 Corpus ID: 128681252; Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life @article{Evans2009LandslidesTB, title={Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life}, author={Stephen G. Evans and Nicholas J. Roberts and A. Ischuk and Keith B. Delaney and Galina S. Morozova and Olga V . More than the usual rainfall that year made it worse. Armero Tragedy, Tolima, Colombia, November 1985 (23,000 deaths), 2. Monetary losses from landslides come from the destruction of infrastructure, homes and businesses; loss of life; disruption of transportation routes; disruption and contamination of water supplies; and the difficulty of both removing and stabilizing landslide material. 2 Comments/Trackbacks , Your email address will not be published. The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. As per estimates, approximately 10% of the population of Vargas perished in the disaster. The average cost for earthquake insurance is between $100 and $300 per year. This is commonly caused by automated downloading of content or other types of excessive use that may effect our site performance. Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. From February 20 to March 28, 2012, the project had carried out Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in Tajik and Afghan target territories and had developed hazard maps following the assessment. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Spatial Distribution. Triggered by natural or artificial disturbances, landslides occur along steep sloping regions. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Estimates of the average annual cost of landslide damage for the urban areas studied are $5,900,000 in the San Francisco Bay area; $4,000,000 in Allegheny County, Pa.; and $5,170,000 in Hamilton County, Ohio. The weather can contribute to landslides and can be a terrible and ferocious disaster which cannot be tamed. Direct costs include damage to structures and roads, whereas indirect costs include items such as decreased property values, lost productivity, and the expense of driving longer distances when roads are blocked. It had a magnitude of 7.5 and triggered a series of landslides that together led to 7,200 deaths. What happens to the Earth during a landslide? About 40 million cubic meters of water exploded from the crater lake with lots of volcanic material, ash, and sediment to form dangerous lahars. [1], The earthquake occurred at 09:45 local time on 10 July 1949.