To determine whether there is a critical period for development of eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we prevented the normal segregation of retinogeniculate afferents and then allowed an extended period of time for recovery. Here we discuss recent advances in identifying where different RGC subtypes route visual information in the brain, including which targets they connect to and how their organization within those targets influences visual processing. Huberman, A. D., Wei, W., Elstrott, J., Stafford, B. K., Feller, M. B., Barres, B. Here we show that nuclei of the ventral midline thalamus (vMT), the xiphoid nucleus (Xi) and nucleus reuniens (Re), represent crucial hubs in the network controlling behavioural responses to visual threats. Neural circuits consist of highly precise connections among specific types of neurons that serve a common functional goal. Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal. Furthermore, synapse density between BCs and RGCs was invariant across topography. Early experiments indicated a key role for retinal activity in ODC formation. Although the plasticity of the OKR is thought to involve subcortical structures such as the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei, cortical lesions have suggested that the visual cortex might also be involved. Here we show that if the activity of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is increased by visual stimulation or using chemogenetics, their axons regenerate. I am super impressed by Andrew, his story and the crucial work he is doing. In particular, he is famous for his podcast, The Huberman Lab Podcast, at the current date. Also mentioned in this particular podcast (Tools for Managing Stress & Anxiety | Huberman Lab Podcast #10): The books (no specific book recommendation) of Robert Sapolsky (1:12:33) In that regard, humans are largely visual animals. A. Thus, cortico-fugal projections to the brainstem enable the visual cortex, an area that has been principally studied for its sensory processing function, to plastically adapt the execution of innate motor behaviours. The output of that circuit is conveyed to the brain's master circadian clock. Here we show that in the absence of contactin 4 (CNTN4) or one of its binding partners, amyloid precursor protein (APP), a subset of direction-selective RGCs fail to target the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)--the accessory optic system (AOS) target controlling horizontal image stabilization. We are experiencing a cultural devolution in which society has become biochemically addicted to entrenched, all-or-nothing thinking and myopic perceptions of life. In 2016, he found and distributed a paper on the best way to utilization of non-obtrusive strategies, for example, visual incitement can upgrade recovery of harmed retinal neurons, which can help in incomplete recuperation from visual impairment. We describe both a vLGNnucleus reuniens (Re) circuit and a vLGNsuperior colliculus (SC) circuit, which exert opposite influences on defensive responses. Visual impairment caused by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon damage or degeneration affects millions of individuals throughout the world. These findings may have implications for understanding disorders of arousal and adaptive decision-making, such as phobias, post-traumatic stress and addictions. Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Lambris, J. D., Smith, S. J., John, S. W., Barres, B. The Appetizer: People seemed to enjoy my previous brief check-in segments with Mishka Shubaly and Nadia Bolz-Weber so I thought Id do it again. And we also explore Dr. Hubermans personal transformation. We find that vLGNGABA neuron activity scales with the intensity of environmental illumination and is modulated by behavioral state. Osterhout, J. Electrophysiological recordings of Hoxd10-GFP RGCs revealed that they include all three subtypes of On direction-selective RGCs (On-DSGCs), responding to upward, downward, or forward motion. Much progress has been made in understanding the growth of retinal axons out of the eye, their selection of targets in the brain, the development of laminar and cell type-specific connectivity within those targets, and also dendritic connectivity within the retina itself. Because previous work has shown that the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate are selectively innervated during this early period, our results suggest that this process is unlikely to be regulated by retinal activity. Disruption of cholinergic retinal waves prevents the emergence of columnar- but not laminar-specific tOFF-alphaRGC connections. Our data suggest that early spontaneous retinal activity conveys crucial information about whether thalamocortical axons represent one or the other eye and that this activity mediates binocular competition important for shaping receptive fields in primary visual cortex. Regenerating optic pathways from the eye to the brain. Unexpectedly, we found that M1 ipRGC, but not oDSGC, intraretinal axons exhibit ectopic branching and are misaligned near the optic disc between one- and three-weeks following injury. 475 Via Ortega These data begin to clarify the cell types and circuits underlying image stabilization during self-motion, and they support an unexpected diversity of DSGC subtypes. View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0328-06.2006, View details for Web of Science ID 000237450300021. HOW TO CHANGE YOUR BRAIN WITH DR. ANDREW HUBERMAN (+ UTKARSH!) Premium. We show that preventing the formation of neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes prevents the death of RGCs normally seen in a mouse model of glaucoma. The mothers name is Not Available. He won an ARVO Cogan Award for his commitments to the fields of vision science in 2017. He is likewise known for being a teacher in the Department of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. These findings reveal that targeting of eye-specific axonal projections in the macaque occurs much earlier and more rapidly than previously reported. Controlled breathwork practices have emerged as potential tools for stress management and well-being. Furthermore, CRE-DOG enabled optogenetic control of these neurons. An Unbiased View of Neural Networks: More than Meets the Eye. Skip to the content. Current efforts focus on integrating knowledge gained from three cross-fostering fields of research: (1) understanding how the fates of different cell types are specified during development, (2) revealing the synaptic connections between identified cell types ("connectomics") by high-resolution three-dimensional circuit anatomy, and (3) causal testing of how identified circuit elements contribute to visual perception and behavior. Our data reveal critical and novel roles for CNTN4/APP in promoting target-specific axon arborization, and they highlight the importance of this process for functional development of a behaviorally relevant parallel visual pathway. Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons. Spontaneous retinal activity is necessary to establish and maintain eye-specific projections to the LGN, but whether the spatial and temporal structure of this activity is important remains unclear. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.029. Much of this work is done in collaboration withDavid Spiegel, MD, associate chair of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford Medicine. Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings from three subjects suggested that high-frequency gamma activity in the insula positively correlates with physiological arousal induced by visual threats and that low-frequency theta activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) negatively correlates with physiological arousal induced by visual threats. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.051. RGCs cultured from these mice exhibited a significant delay in functional maturation of glutamatergic synapses. We also highlight studies that advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neural degeneration in response to injury, as many of these mechanisms represent primary targets for restoring functional neural circuits. Balban, M. Y., Neri, E., Kogon, M. M., Weed, L., Nouriani, B., Jo, B., Holl, G., Zeitzer, J. M., Spiegel, D., Huberman, A. D. Corrigendum to "Characterization of non-alpha retinal ganglion cell injury responses reveals a possible block to restoring ipRGC function". 00:00:00 Dr. Anna Lembke . View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.020. Menu Close. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a professor of neuroscience and the creator of the Huberman Podcast. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine and host of the Huberman Lab podcast. We discuss the inner workings of our nervous systems and how we can use our physical bodiesour diaphragms and visual systemsto access and optimize certain states of mind. Hit us up! In rabbits, we find that expression of Satb2 is conserved in On-Off DSGCs; however, has evolved to include On-Off DSGCs encoding upward and downward motion, in addition to anterior and posterior motion. (2018) use whole-brain functional ultrasound imaging in mice to unveil the circuits involved reflexive eye movements. Seabrook, T. A., Burbridge, T. J., Crair, M. C., Huberman, A. D. Strict Independence of Parallel and Poly-synaptic Axon-Target Matching during Visual Reflex Circuit Assembly. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a neuroscientist at Stanford University as well as the person behind the Huberman Lab. These data indicate that NPs are necessary for early synaptic refinements in the mammalian retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Moreover, the forward tuned On-Off DSGCs appear physiologically and molecularly distinct from all previously genetically identified On-Off DSGCs. Subjects with high anxiety showed increased visual scanning in response to threats as compared to healthy controls. The specificity of synaptic connections is directly related to the functional integrity of neural circuits. View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6015-10.2011, View details for Web of Science ID 000289472400026, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3230532. Mice respond to visual threats by either freezing or seeking shelter. Blank, M., Fuerst, P. G., Stevens, B., Nouri, N., Kirkby, L., Warrier, D., Barres, B. View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0564-11.2011, View details for Web of Science ID 000291642800009, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3139540. Rats can discriminate simple shapes visually, even if they are moved around, made smaller, or partially covered up; the strategy they use may help shed light on human brain mechanisms for discriminating complex features, such as faces. Andrew D. Huberman is an American neuroscientist, professor, and social media celebrity who is predominately known for his selfless works in the field of brain development, brain plasticity, and neural regeneration. Patronize Our Sponsors:For a complete list of all RRP sponsors and their respective vanity URLs and discount codes,click Sponsors here. And the most unlikely path he blazed to becoming the celebrated scientist he is today. Motion detection is an essential component of visual processing. Unlock your metabolic health and join Levels today. Here, we report a transgenic mouse selectively expressing GFP in a complete mosaic of transient OFF-alpha retinal ganglion cells (tOFF-alphaRGCs). Andrew Huberman currently lives in Oakland, CA; in the past Andrew has also lived in Palo Alto CA, San Diego CA and Davis CA. The Xi projects to the basolateral amygdala to promote saliency-reducing responses to threats, such as freezing, whereas the Re projects to the medial prefrontal cortex (RemPFC) to promote saliency-enhancing, even confrontational responses to threats, such as tail rattling. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.045, View details for Web of Science ID 000331718900010. Our brand-spanking-new Roll On phone line is live at 424-235-4626. Given the crucial role of RGCs and the prominence of the mouse as a model, we asked how different RGC subtypes are distributed across the retina. He is likewise known for being a teacher in the Department of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. He currently practices at Andres Huberman MD-Psychiatric Services, Great Neck,NY and is affiliated with North Shore University Hospital. The incidence of such waves decreased rapidly and progressively during the developmental period (E67-E76) when segregated eye-specific projections become established. In the visual system, the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is generally thought to encode simple center-surround receptive fields, which are combined into more sophisticated features in cortex, such as orientation and direction selectivity. Eye-specific visual connections are a prominent model system for exploring how precise circuits develop in the CNS and, in particular, for addressing the role of neural activity in synapse elimination and axon refinement. His contributions to the world of science have earned him a lot of recognition. Premium. Additionally, we observe that numerous ectopic presynaptic specializations associate with misguided ipRGC intraretinal axons. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.035. All rights reserved. The Rich Roll podcast made people welcome to the show. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that connect the eyes to the brain, fail to regenerate after damage, eventually leading to blindness. By E78, eye-specific segregation is clearly established throughout the parvocellular division of the dLGN, and substantial ocular segregation is present in the magnocellular division. What if I told you that you actually have the power to change your brain and reprogram your perception, irrespective of age? 2018 ) use whole-brain functional ultrasound imaging in mice to unveil the circuits involved reflexive eye movements is an component... Control of these neurons ( tOFF-alphaRGCs ) of such waves decreased rapidly and progressively during the developmental period E67-E76... 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